一次关于传统木构的思考与尝试：三树之屋

三树之屋：建筑幻想

三棵树的房子是一个历史假设的实现，在过去的一个世纪里，如果木材资源在17至19世纪的朝鲜王朝末期没有被耗尽会怎么样？尽管木材已经枯竭，但如果全球化能够更早地开始，并像现在这样经济实惠地从俄罗斯、加拿大、北欧和日本进口木材，情况会怎样呢？最后，如果钢筋混凝土结构没有主导21世纪的建筑会怎样?那么现在，东亚的木结构建筑可能会继续发展，这些假设可以让我们有机会保留至少1500年的木结构建筑文化，并可能进一步引导我们体验一种新的建筑。

The House: Architectural Fantasy

The House of 3 Trees is the realization of an architectural fantasy; the fantasy exploresanalternaterealityinwhich several historical events of thepastcenturyhave not occurred.What if timber resourceswere not depleted in the late Joseon Dynasty of Korea in 17thto19th Centuries? Despite the exhaustion of timber, what if globalization had begun earlier and had introducedthe import of wooden materials from Russia, Canada, Northern Europe and Japan as affordably as it is now? Finally, what if the reinforced concrete structure had not dominated the architecture of the 21st century? Then, the timber buildings of East Asia may have continued to evolve. Thesepremisescan give us an opportunity to retainacultureof timber architecture that we had kept for at least 1500 years,and may further lead us to experience a new architecture. 

这座房子是100年前消失的东亚木结构建筑的重生，更具体地说，该项目是对东亚木结构建筑中普遍存在的标志性木支架系统的重新诠释，该建筑结构在韩国被称为“公坡”，在中国被称为“斗拱”，从结构和美学角度来看，它是东亚木结构建筑最具象征意义的部分。其实这个项目也批判了当今对传统建筑的应用，这种应用是肤浅的，仅仅是模仿建筑中的传统表达，或者过于抽象，在批判的同时重新定义了东亚木结构建筑的优点，它是结构和装饰的结合。此外，该住宅是当代技术如设计、计算和数字制造如何重新诠释传统建筑的一个例子，现代技术可以使东亚木结构朝着新的方向发展。

This house is the rebirth of East Asian timber architecture that disappeared 100 years ago. More specifically, the project is the reinterpretation of theiconic wooden bracket systems ubiquitous in the East Asia timber architecture. Called "Gong-po" in Korea and  “Dougong” in China, the system was the most symbolic part of East Asian timber buildings from both structural and aesthetic perspectives. The house criticizes today’s application of traditional buildings that is superficial, merely imitating traditional expressions in architecture, or too abstract. Rather, the house redefines the virtue of East Asian timber buildings in its tectonic aspect which is a combination of structure and ornamentation. Moreover, the house servesasanexample of how contemporary technology such as design computation and digital fabrication can reinterpret traditional architecture. Technology can give East Asian timber construction the potential to evolve in a new direction.

三棵树，变成一片森林

房子里的三棵树创造了一个内部空间，也填充六边形的建筑轮廓。三棵树也是作为支撑屋顶的承重结构，除了承重结构外，房子的围墙还需要隔绝韩国冬天寒冷的天气，并在室内创造良好的视觉体验。因此，人们在室内能体验到由树状结构主导的封闭空间，但仍然可以通过孔洞看到外面。可以通过光影的轨迹被感受时间的变化，因为它渗透到屋顶和墙壁之间各个的缝隙中，它就像落进森林的阳光，这样，树木就变成了森林。

Three Trees and Becoming a Forest

The 3 trees within the house create an interior space, responding to the hexagonally shaped building footprint. Three trees asanchorpoints are also a minimum requirement to support the roof. Apart from the structure, the wall enclosing the house was required to insulateduringthe cold winter in Korea, as well to tailor the visual experience while inside the space. As a result, people inside experience only enclosed space dominated by the tree structure, yet they still have a curated view to the outside through apertures. The change of time can be felt through sunlight’s movement as it filters into the gap between the roof and wall. It resembles the sunlight falling into a forest. Inthisway, the trees become a forest.

房子的树状结构完全由木质细木工构成，这种不使用附加扣件(如钉子)的施工方法，不仅仅是为了遵循传统方法，而且是为了显示作为结构元素的工程木材的纯强度。

The tree structure of the house is solely composed of wooden joinery. The construction method without using additive fastener such as nails is not only intended to follow traditional methodology, but to show the sheer strength of engineeredtimber as a structural element. 

建筑形式和材料的选择

建筑的轮廓遵循基地不规则的形状，尽管房子是不规则的六边形，但它其实遵循了由模拟算法工具生成的规则：工具模拟了3棵树在自然环境下的生长原则。利用算法工具，再次指导了三棵树的复杂形式的设计和分析，这三棵树由4006个木元素组成，利用此工具可以优化施工效率和原材料的成本以及数量。

Building Form and Material Choice 

The footprint of the house follows the erratic shape of the site. Despite its irregular hexagonal form, the house can follow an order generated by algorithmic tools. The order by the tools sets the guideline for placing 3 Trees. Algorithmic tools again guidedthe design and analysisofthe complex form of 3 trees. The 4006 pieces of wooden elements generatedtoformthe 3 trees resulted from the optimized numbers for construction efficiency and logistics.  

除了设计建筑形式外，基地周围典型的农村住宅还启发了屋顶的设计和材料的选择。农村的房子建于70和80年代，是按照政府规定的建筑标准设计的，平屋顶会导致排水问题以及雨水的积聚，这对这些房子的防水性能构成了严重威胁。雨水渗漏的解决方案是用夹层板构成的坡屋顶覆盖现有的平屋顶，这个屋顶在一定程度上启发了我们对薄屋顶和漂浮屋顶的设计，此外，当地称为廉价材料的沥青瓦的使用，有助于强调屋顶的垂直性。

In addition to designing a building form, the typical rural houses around the site inspiredthe roof design and material choice. Rural houses built in 70 and 80’s, which were designed by construction standards given by a government, have a flat roof that results in poordrainageandrainwateraccumulation,whichposeseriousthreatstothehomes’ water-resistancethese days. The voluntary solution to rainwater leakage is to cover an existing flat roof with a pitched roof made of sandwich panels.  This spontaneously made roof inspires thedesignof a thin and floating roof with the notion of lightness. Also, theuseof asphalt shingles, known locally as cheap materials, helped to emphasize thelightness of the roof. 

此外，在韩国农村地区的其他常用材料也被选为房子的外部装饰，包括用于外墙的胶合板和塑料板，尤其是用作外墙装饰材料的聚碳酸酯波纹板，经常被用作仓库和温室的装饰材料。半透明的面板巧妙地揭示了内部的胶合板装饰，和屋顶一样，给建筑带来了轻盈的感觉，同时也与周围的千年建筑和记忆体结构形成了对比。功能上，面板产生了额外的空气层，增加了隔热性能，并保护内部胶合板免受雨水的侵蚀。

Moreover, other commonly used materials in the rural area of Korea were selected for the exterior finish of the house. These include plywood and plastic panels for the exterior walls. Especially, polycarbonate corrugated panels, for the exterior wall finishing material, are oftenseenasthecladdingof warehouses and greenhouses. This translucent panel subtly reveals the plywood finishing inside and,similarly to the roof,givesanethereallightnesstothebuildingwhichsimultaneouslycontrastsfromadjacenthousesandrecollectsotherstructurescommonintheregion. Functionallythepanels generate an additional air layer and increase insulation performance, as well protect inner plywood from rainwater.

▼设计手稿

▼轴侧分解

▼总平面图

▼平面图

▼剖面图

▼立面图

▼构造大样

设计单位：JK - AR  (Jae Kim Architects + Researchers)

项目名称：三树之屋

网站:www.jk-ar.com

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/JK-AR-494786314259305/

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/j.k_a.r/

设计团队:Jae K. Kim, SeoungbumHeo, Yesol Lee, Youngjune Lee

地址:417-5,Yeongnamil -ro, Nakdong-myeon, Sangju-si, Gyeongsang - Buk-do, Republic of Korea

类别：建筑

场地面积：271m2

建筑面积：68.58m2

总建筑面积：85.52 m2(2层:16.94M2, 1层:68.58M2)

建筑高度：6.35m

材料：外饰波纹聚碳酸酯板、云杉尺寸木材、阿洛考胶合板、Low-E三层玻璃窗、沥青瓦(屋顶)

室内装饰用落叶松胶合板(本地产品)，石膏板与油漆，岩石固体地板涂料

结构工程：JK-AR

建设

Jae K. Kim, SeoungbumHeo, Yesol Lee, Minho Kim, Jinho Shin (JK-AR) + Myunghee Nam

设计周期2017年7月~ 2018年3月

2018年4月~ 2018年8月

照片Rohspace

(http://www.rohspace.com/)

Title：The House of Three Trees 

Architect JK-AR (Jae Kim Architects + Researchers)

Webpage: www.jk-ar.com

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/JK-AR-494786314259305/

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/j.k_a.r/

Design Team Jae K. Kim, SeoungbumHeo, Yesol Lee, Youngjune Lee

Location 417-5, Yeongnamjeil-ro, Nakdong-myeon, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea

Category House (single family)

Site Area 271M2

Building Area 68.58M2

Gross Floor Area 85.52M2 (2F: 16.94M2, 1F: 68.58M2)

Building Height 6.35M

Exterior Finishing Corrugated polycarbonate panel, Spruce dimension lumber, Arauco plywood, Low-E triple glazed window, Asphalt shingle (roof)

Interior Finishing Larch plywood (local product), Gypsum wall board with paint, Rock Solid floor coating

Structural Engineering JK-AR

Construction

Jae K. Kim, SeoungbumHeo, Yesol Lee, Minho Kim, Jinho Shin (JK-AR) + Myunghee Nam

Design Period July 2017 ~ March 2018

Construction Period April 2018 ~ August 2018

Photographs Rohspace

(http://www.rohspace.com/)