扎拉伊斯克小镇历史中心景观改造

项目赢得了2018年全俄小城市和历史居住区发展舒适城市环境的最佳项目竞赛。据俄罗斯独立城市博主伊利亚-瓦拉莫夫介绍，2019年，巴斯建筑局的扎拉伊斯克市中心改造项目被列入 "2019年俄罗斯十大最佳公共空间"名单。对该局的建筑师来说，不仅要为当地人和游客创造舒适的环境，还要强调城市的历史意义，展现其独特性。

The project for the renovation of the historical city centre of Zaraysk has been completed. It won the 2018 All-Russia competition of the best projects in developing a comfortable urban environment in small cities and historical settlements. In 2019, the Zaraysk city centre renovation project by Basis architectural bureau was included in the list of "10 best public spaces in Russia 2019", according to independent Russian urban blogger Ilya Varlamov. It was important for the architects of the bureau not only to create a comfortable environment for locals and tourists but also to emphasize the historical significance of the city, to show its uniqueness.

扎拉伊斯克是一座古老的小城，至今仍保留着过去时代的舒适和温暖。这座城市与总督波扎尔斯基、商人巴赫鲁申斯、雅尔采夫、肖洛霍夫的名字有关，费奥多尔陀思妥耶夫斯基就出生在这里。尽管在过去的岁月里，城市的文化开始衰败，但在如今这所城市与陀思妥耶夫斯基所经历的城市并没有什么不同，这就是城市的魅力。水塔和教堂钟楼仍然是最主要的地标，集市区还在200年前的地方，Krasnoarmeyskaya街是在凯瑟琳二世统治时期修建的。项目将历史中心将被组合成一个大型的步行区和旅游区，并在历史古迹周围设置新的景点。

Zaraysk is a small ancient city that still retains the comfort and warmth of bygone eras. The city is associated with the names of the governor Pozharsky, the merchants Bakhrushins, Yartsevs, and Sholokhovs; Feodor Dostoevsky was born here. Despite the fact that over the past years the cultural and merchant heritage has noticeably deteriorated, Zaraysk is not very different from the city that Dostoevsky experienced - and this is its charm. It is dominated by small wooden merchant estates of the XIX century. The water tower and the church bell tower are still the dominant landmarks. The market area is still in the same place as 200 years ago, and Krasnoarmeyskaya Street was built during Catherine II reign. According to the project, the historical centre is combined into a large pedestrian and tourist area with new points of attraction around historical monuments.

Basis建筑事务所的创始人Ivan Okhapkin说："很明显，为了保护俄罗斯县城的氛围，即使是那些在其他地方"奏效"的方案，也不能在此应用。Basis事务所开发的概念是围绕Zaraysk典型的形状、材料、植物和颜色而建立的。设计师试图寻找能够优雅地老去的材料：木头，而不是现代的材料。设计师们还使用了拥有质感的木头和铜灯，并在人行道上使用了历史悠久的鹅卵石。设计师们相信，新的城市身份就是这样形成的。"

Ivan Okhapkin, head of Basis architectural bureau: "It’s clear that in order to preserve the atmosphere of the Russian county town, one can’t apply any ready-made solutions, even those that "worked" elsewhere - standard street lanterns, paving, benches. The concept developed by Basis is built around shapes, materials, plants and colours typical for Zaraysk. We tried to find materials that would age gracefully: we chose wood instead of something bright and modern; we designed authentic wood and copper lamps; we also used historical cobblestone in the pavement. We believe that’s how a new urban identity is formed.”

砖砌的水塔，让人联想到东戎塔，是城市的主要景点之一。为了强调这种氛围，设计师在它的周围用白色大理石片和板砖的色调形成了对比。红白相间的铺装小路从路面到塔身汇聚成射线，考古学家在建设工程中发现的历史悠久的鹅卵石被融入到街道进入广场的铺装中。环绕小公园的公路上铺设了红色的沥青。

The brick water tower, reminiscent of the donjon tower is one of the main attractions of the city. To emphasize this dominance, a contrasting coating of white marble chips and slabs in the tone of bricks was created around it. Red and white paved paths converge in rays from the roadway to the tower. Historic cobblestone found by archaeologists during the construction works is integrated into the paving where the street enters the square. Red asphalt is laid on the highway circling the small park.

木灯和随意摆放的橘红色椅子体现了这里亲切宁静的氛围，在这里还许多有木质的设施以及白色的大理石沙子。春天的时候，整个广场笼罩在盛开的白莎草的霞光中。

The intimate and serene atmosphere of this place is reflected in authentic wooden lamps and randomly arranged orange and red chairs. The playground is equipped with wooden objects for playing with white marble sand. In spring the entire square is shrouded in the haze of blooming white shadbush hiding it from the roadway.

另一个节点空间是中心店附近的游乐场，两边是用小卵石铺成的地面。与亮丽的橡胶涂层不同，天然材料在这里显得更加有机，适合与水进行游戏。悬挂在秋千上的背光天幕、带有障碍物的横杆和茶馆的门廊是新设计规范的一部分，并在城市的多个区域重复使用。

Another anchor point is a playground with swings near the central store lined with small pebbles. Unlike a bright rubber coating, natural materials look more organic here and are suitable for games with water. A backlit canopy hanging over a swing, a horizontal bar with an obstacle course and a porch of a tea house is part of the new design code and is repeated in several areas of the city.

18世纪的购物拱廊和三一教堂附近的广场是新步行路线上的另一个重要点。两旁用花岗岩铺设，并与路面处于同一水平线上，很容易变成群众活动的场所。修缮后的二战英雄纪念碑与永恒之火，通过铺装在视觉上起到了突出作用。这里的历史用质感十足的碎花岗岩瓷砖保留了下来，勾勒出曾经矗立在那里的小教堂。在城市的另一个地方，曾经是监狱的地方也采用了类似的方法。纪念牌与Zaraysk's Kremlin主任收集的信息整合到铺装中。

The square near the shopping arcades of the 18th century and the Trinity Church is another important point on the new pedestrian route. Lined with granite and located on the same level with the roadway, it is easily transformed into a venue for mass events. The restored memorial to the heroes of the Second World War with the Eternal Flame is visually highlighted by paving. The history of the place is preserved with textured tiles of chipped granite which outline a chapel that once stood there. A similar approach is applied in another part of the city – where the gaols used to be. Memorial plates are integrated into the paving with information collected by the director of the Zaraysk’s Kremlin.

沿着购物拱廊组织了展览和走廊空间。为了不影响历史性的外墙和河谷的景观，这里将种植大灌木金丝楠木代替大树，给人以舒适的树荫。

Exhibition and corridor spaces are organized along the shopping arcades. In order not to obscure the historical facades and the view of the river valley, large shrubs of Ginnal maple giving a cosy shade will be planted here instead of big trees.

在这样一个真实的、有"触感"的项目中，景观设计总是扮演着重要的角色。建筑师试图保护现有的树木，甚至在它们突然发现自己在铺设的道路上的地方。非线性种植的大树被 "夹"在特别设计的几何草坪中（为长椅创造了一个位置）。建筑师还恢复了失去的物种，广场上的菩提树巷、楸树丛。现在，城市里有花坛，有学童的自行车停车场，有家长带孩子上学的停车场。

In such an authentic, "tactile" project, landscaping always plays an important role. The architects tried to preserve long-lived trees, even where they suddenly found themselves on the paved paths. Big trees planted non-linearly were "caught" in specially designed geometric lawns (creating a place for benches). The architects also restored lost species - a linden alley in the square, rowan bushes. The city now has flower beds, bicycle parking for schoolchildren and parking for parents bringing children to school.

照明上不仅可以使用了木屋大小的6米灯，还使用了棋盘式排列的双面灯，将行人部分和道路一起照亮。小型木制灯笼是专门为Zaraysk设计的，它将优雅地老去，并为城市的身份增添光彩。

Lighting calculations showed that it was possible to illuminate the pedestrian part and the road together not only with 6-meter lights exceeding the size of wooden houses but also with double-sided lamps arranged in a checkerboard pattern. Сompact wooden lanterns have been specially designed for Zaraysk that will gracefully age and only add to the town’s identity.

和以往的公共设计一样，大部分的预算都投入到了重要的工程中，包括水厂、燃气基础设施的发展、电力供应、废水处理系统。整个中心的设计遵循无障碍环境的原则，适合行动不便的人。

As always in the case of public design, most of the budget is invested in important works on waterworks, gas infrastructure development, power supply, wastewater disposal systems. The entire centre is designed according to the principle of a barrier-free environment suitable for people with limited mobility

Project: Renovation of the historical centre of Zaraysk

Design Firm: Basis Architectural Bureau

Head of Basis Bureau: Ivan Okhapkin

Basis architects: Anna Anisimova, Anna, Geraimovich, Nikita Permyakov, Zakhar Smirnov

General layout section: Alexandra Nikulnikova

Traffic management project: Kirill Traktirov

Construction management project: Roman Broskov

Functional concept & sociocultural programming: Petr Gordeev

Landscaping project: Ekaterina Makarova

Lighting project: Alexander Ugolnik, Nikolay Ugolnik

Photo Credit: Daniel Annenkov for Basis