梅里达私宅

“梅里达之家"是一个独栋别墅项目，位于梅里达的历史中心，离其主要中心广场几个街区的殖民区内。梅里达是尤卡坦州的首府，也是玛雅文化的首府，尤卡坦州占了墨西哥玛雅领土的很大一部分。尽管这种文明在西班牙人到来之前已经消失了很久，但玛雅人和语言一直延续至今，这使得这个地区一直非常独特，与墨西哥的其他地区不同；是墨西哥的一个小国家，有自己的思维方式。另一个非常重要的事实是，梅里达全年都有一个非常特殊的温暖天气，温度很高，5月份的最高温度可以达到40摄氏度，而且湿度很高，特别是在6月到9月底的雨季。

Casa Mérida is a single family house project located in the historic center of Mérida, a few blocks away from its main central square, in its colonial area. Mérida is the capital of Yucatán, but also the capital of the Mayan culture, Yucatán representing a large part of the mexican mayan territory. In spite of the fact this civilisation disappeared long time before spanish people arrived, Mayan people and languages always survived and still exist today, which always made this region very unique and different than any other in México ; a sort of small country within the country, with its own way of thinking. Another very important point is the fact that Mérida has a very peculiar warm weather all year long, with intense temperatures and a peak that can reach 40º celcius in May, as well as a very high level of humidity, specially during the rainy season from June until the end of September.

几个世纪以来，这种天气使该城市的建筑形成了一种可识别的传统类型，将其殖民历史与来自尤卡坦的墨西哥热带现实相融合，从而形成了一种独特的热带化殖民风格。这种类型基本上是基于高天花板下的自然交叉通风，所有这些都由一系列天井连接在一起，让空气流经整个房子，以这种方式提供一个自然冷却系统。许多世纪以来，这一直是建筑的方式，它塑造了梅里达的某种形象，直到空调的出现，使古老的历史中心周围的任何类型的建筑成为可能，因为交叉通风的绝对需要现在可以得到平衡。梅里达是一个没有空调的城市，在这里生活几乎是不可能的，而且一天24小时都在使用空调是很正常的。我们怎样才能从梅里达今天对空调的大量使用中抽身出来？

Through centuries, this weather led the architecture of the city to a recognizable traditional typology, a mix of history of its colonization with its Mexican tropical reality from Yucatán, which resulted in a singular tropicalized colonial style. This typology is basically based on natural crossed ventilation under high ceiling volumes, all connected together by a series of patios letting the air flow through the entire house, providing this way a natural cooling system. For many centuries it has been the way of building, and it shaped a certain image of Mérida until AC ( air conditioning ) appeared, and made any kind of architecture possible around the old historic center, since the absolut need of crossed ventilation could now be balanced. Mérida is a city where life without AC is almost impossible, and where it became very usual to use it 24 hours a day. How can we step back from this intense use of AC Mérida is doing today ?

Casa Mérida项目正在探索当代和传统建筑之间的关系，两者都是通过非常简单地使用当地的参考资料来连接的。当第一次进入场地时，令人难忘的是地块的独特比例，它是一个80米长X8米宽的破碎矩形，看起来像一条大巷子。

Casa Mérida project is exploring the relation between contemporary and traditional architecture, both connected through a very simple use of vernacular references. When entering for the first time on site, something memorable was the unique proportion of the plot, which is a broken rectangle of 80 meters long X 8 meters wide, looking like a big lane.

在这里，项目的唯一想法是：保留这80米的场地，作为一条直线，从入口处到终点，也就是游泳池所在的地方，横穿整个地块；将传统的气流冷却概念作为一个起点。但这不仅仅是为了空气流通，这个长的视角也是指玛雅人的反传统文化和建筑，更确切地说，是指玛雅人的 "Sacbé"，字面意思是白色的道路，石板路上覆盖着白色的石灰石。这些直线用于连接玛雅城市的不同元素、寺庙、广场、金字塔和仙人洞（天然天坑，充满清水，用于祭祀和供奉神灵）；神圣的道路甚至可以从一个地点到另一个地点，长达几百公里。通过使用透视，这个非常简单的古典建筑艺术品作为中心元素和主要想法，该项目立即沿着这条线路进行改造，然后转换为一个长的混凝土墙指南，这是一种视觉上组织房屋的轴线，以及所有的运动，因为它也是主要的流通走廊。在项目发展的第二阶段，它自然而然地出现了一个椎体，因此它成为承载所有屋顶板的主要混凝土结构元素。通过它的气流柱，梅里达之家又回到了尤卡提克乡土建筑的一个原始和基本原则，即自然交叉通风，这就把项目带到了第二个问题：如何在一个城市的中心达到最好的自给自足，而不那么依赖现代技术，尝试对这个地方的能源废物管理更负责任？

Here came the one and only idea of the project : to preserve this 80 meters perspective, as a straight line, crossing the entire plot from the entrance door until the ending point, where the swimming pool is located ; Inserting back the traditional air flow cooling concept as a starting point. But it was not only about the air circulation, this long perspective is also refering to the mayan antic culture and architecture, and more precisely to its mayan « Sacbé » literally the white path, stoneways covered with white limestone stuc. Those straight lines used to connect all together the different elements, temples, plazas, pyramids and cenotes ( natural sinkhole, full of clear water, used for sacrifice and offers to the gods ) of a mayan city; sacred ways which could even go from one site to another along a few hundred kilometers. By using the perspective, this very simple classical architecture artefact as a central element and main idea, the project got immediatly stuctured along this line, converted then in a long concrete wall guide, a sort of axis visually organizing the house, as well as all the movements, since it's also working as the main circulation hallway. In a second stage of the project development, it naturally and literally appeared as a vertebral column, therefore it became the main structural concrete element to carry all the rooftop slabs. With its airflow column, Casa Mérida went back to an original and elemental principle of the vernacular yucatec architecture, the natural crossed ventilation, which then brought the project to a second question: How is it possible to reach the best autosuffisance in the middle of a city, without being so dependent of modern technologies, to try to be more responsible with the energy waste management of the place ?

This next concern took the project towards the idea of disconnecting the house from the city to get a better control on it, basically creating a sort of isolated countryside situation in the middle of an urban context. To Physically disconnect In the historic center of Mérida traditionally, houses use to be connected with the street, with the social area located between the sidewalk and the inner patio, behind which the private spaces take place, and a backyard at the end. The logic is gradually organized from public to private, and a functional area in the back. To physically disconnect Casa Mérida from the city, the layout has been modified by switching the social area with the backyard area ; sending the living room, kitchen and swimming pool to the end of the land, futhermore the most quiet area where the noise of the street doesn't reach you anymore ; in order to bring the functional backyard to the front, to use it as a buffer on the city.

类型学上的分隔

除了前面和后面的排列，房子的总体布局也是根据正面的建筑面积和负面的空地面积的有规律的节奏来组织的，在建筑空间的两侧总是产生空地，使花园参与其中，而不仅仅是并列的观赏性的花园。室外空间被整合为内部空间的一部分，消失了内部和外部之间的经典边界，增加了视觉深度，以创造一个更宽广的体积感。这座房子的目的是让我们从墨西哥城市的日常参考资料中消失，在那里我们生活在大玻璃窗的公寓后面，培养一种户外生活，在这里房子打破了外墙的基本概念；房子不围住人，它保持开放和永久的呼吸，同时提供基本的保护和隐私的感觉。

To Typologically disconnect

In addition to the permutation between front and back, the general layout of the house is also organized according to a regular rythm of positive built area and negative empty area, to always generate empty spaces on both sides of the built spaces, making the gardens participate instead of only being juxtaposed ornamental ones. The outdoor spaces got integrated as part of the inner space, vanishing the classical border between in and out, increasing the visual depth in order to create a more generous amplitude sensation of the volumes. The purpose of this house is to make disappear our urban daily references from México city, where we live behind our large glass window apartments, to foment an outdoor life, in which the house is breaking the basic concept of the facade ; the house does not enclose people, it stays open and breathes permanently, while providing the essential feeling of protection and privacy.

充满活力的分隔

最后，在以一种敏感的方式隔离房屋后，最后一个明显的问题是，从能量上讲，将房屋与城市断开。在解决了作为第一个主要能源消耗问题的冷却系统之后，受过去建筑的启发，鼓励最合理地使用空调，第二个要考虑的问题是水。根据尤卡坦是一个地下水丰富的地区这一事实，钻井从地下深处获得清水是最合理的解决方案。然而，为了完成一个完整的水再生循环，雨水必须回到这个地下土壤，吸收井被设计来完成这个功能，放在雕塑般的水收集器下，这成为房子美学的一部分。浪费的水系统也与城市的水系统断开，使用生物发酵器来处理脏水并为花园提供浇灌。从抽水到再生的整个循环现在已经完成，没有让城市负责我们的废水。

To Energically disconnect

To conclude, after isolating the house in a sensitive way, came the last obvious point of disconnecting the house, energically speaking, from the city. After resolving the cooling system as the first major energy consumption issue, inspired by the architecture of the past, encouraging a most reasonable use of AC, the second point to consider was the water. According to the fact Yucatán is a region full of water in the subsoil, to drill a borehole to get clear water from deep down was the most logical solution. However to complete a full cycle of water regenaration, the rain water had to go back to this subsoil, and absorption wells were designed to fullfill this function, placed under sculptural water collectors, which became part of the aesthetic of the house. The wasted water system also got disconnected from the one of the city, using a biodigester to treat the dirty water and generate watering for the garden. The full cycle from pumping to regenerating without letting the city in charge of our wasted water was now completed.

最后一点是电力问题，通过使用明显但适当的技术来解决，例如用太阳能锅炉来加热水，以及用太阳能电池板来满足其他的电力需求。

The last point was the electricity, resolved by using obvious but proper technologies, such as solar boilers to warm the water, as well as solar panels to cover the rest of the needs in electricity.

文化上的重新连接

该项目愿意摆脱不必要的东西，不做任何修饰和装饰，只保留结构部分，以及只使用简单的材料。玛雅奶油石墙是以传统的方式建造的，在接缝处覆盖石片，这些石片是来自尤卡坦的典型石料，用于古代玛雅金字塔和神庙遗址。地板和墙壁也使用了粗暴的混凝土，这无疑是一种工业材料，但仍然是梅里达当地生产的主要结构材料。最后，为了控制光线气氛，设计了大量的木质百叶窗和门。建筑物90%是现场制作的，使用当地材料，完全由尤卡提克石匠和木匠建造，这是一种对本地建筑的现代重新诠释。由大量的材料制成，不需要特殊的处理或维护，接受老化和时间作为建筑过程的一部分，房子已经被概念化，最终有一天会被一层新的材料覆盖：一层铜锈。

To Culturally reconnect

The project is willing to get rid of the unnecessary, no finishing and no decoration, to only preserve the structural part, as well as only simple materials. Mayan cream stone walls have been built in a traditional way by covering the joints with the stone splinters, typical stone from Yucatán used in antic mayan pyramids and temples sites. The brut concrete has also been used for the floors and the walls, definitely industrial but still localy produced in Mérida, the main structural material. Finally to control the light atmosphere, massive wooden louver windows and doors have been designed. The construction is reaching a 90% made on site, with local materials and built exclusively by yucatec masons and carpinters, a sort of modern reinterpretation of what could mean vernacular architecture. Made of massive materials which do not require special treatments or maintenance, accepting ageing and time as part of the architecture process, the house has been conceptualized to end up one day covered by a new coat of materiality : a layer of patina.

Project Name: Casa Mérida

Architecture Office: Ludwig Godefroy Architecture

Website: www.ludwiggodefroy.com

Contact email: ludwig@ludwiggodefroy.com

Country of Office: Mexico

Construction completion year: 2018

Constructed area: 250 m2

Location: Mérida, Yucatán, México

Architecture: Ludwig Godefroy

instagram: Ludwiggodefroy

Website: www.ludwiggodefroy.com

Photography Credits: Rory Gardiner

instagram: arorygardiner

Photographer Website: www.rory-gardiner.com

Photographer E-mail: rory@rory-gardiner.com