荷兰卢嫩战后纪念空间

公司：	KAAN Architecten	类型：	建筑
地区：	荷兰	标签：	纪念性空间 \| 文化空间

KAAN建筑事务所受荷兰战争墓地基金会（Oorlogsgravenstichting）的委托，在阿佩尔多恩附近的Loenen设计了一座多功能的建筑，纪念第二次世界大战和近期国际冲突中的荷兰受害者。该建筑与周围的森林和谐地融为一体，是现有的卢恩恩国家战争公墓和新的国家退伍军人公墓之间的一个层次分明的连接元素。

KAAN Architecten was commissioned by the Netherlands War Graves Foundation (Oorlogsgravenstichting) to design a multifunctional building commemorating the Dutch victims during the Second World War and more recent international conflicts, in Loenen near Apeldoorn. Harmoniously blending with the surrounding forest, the building is a layered and connecting element between the existing Loenen National War Cemetery and the new National Veterans Cemetery.

Loenen国家战争公墓是位于荷兰境内的两个公墓之一，由景观建筑师Daniel Haspels(1894-1954)在第二次世界大战后不久设计的，反映了该地区的景观，其一簇簇缕缕的树木向和平的环境致敬，并给遗属带来安慰。KAAN Architecten选择将树木和建筑拉在一起，让树木决定结构的形式，以实现建筑和景观自然的融合。

The Loenen National War Cemetery site, one of the two located on Dutch territory, was designed by landscape architect Daniel Haspels (1894-1954) shortly after the Second World War, reflecting the landscape of the area with its clusters of wispy trees that honour the peaceful environment and bring comfort to the bereaved. KAAN Architecten opted to draw the trees and building together, letting the trees dictate the structure’s form, to achieve a fusion of architecture and landscaped nature.

展馆的占地面积为52×19米，沿着作为场地基础的五条轴线之一延伸，就像一条水平的白线，在细长的白桦树和松树中定居。从上面看，它位于两片树林之间，两侧是景观建筑师Karres en Brands设想的两个森林房间。亭子尽可能地保持狭窄，以保留两个开放空间之间最大数量的树木，它的水平性温和地采用了Haspels的理念，避免垂直元素，因为它们可能会破坏平静的自然氛围。因此，战争公墓的墓碑都平躺在草地上。

The pavilion, with its 52 x 19-meter footprint, stretches along one of the five axes that are the foundation of the site, like a horizontal white line settled amidst slender birch and pine trees. Seen from above, it is situated between two stretches of woods, flanked by two forest rooms envisioned by landscape architects Karres en Brands. The pavilion was kept as narrow as possible to preserve a maximum number of trees between the two open spaces, its horizontality gently adopts Haspels’ philosophy by avoiding vertical elements, which could disrupt the calming natural atmosphere. For this reason, the War Cemetery’s gravestones are lying flat on the grass.

通过敏感的建筑姿态实现了宁静的氛围和缺乏侵扰性，提出了一个私密而又开放和诱人的建筑；被树干遮挡，但又清晰可见。巧妙地安置了从地面到天花板的天然石墙，突出了开放和封闭之间的交替。有些墙面上有与墙面相同的天然石材突出的长椅，面向森林，为游客提供休息和沉思的场所。墙顶上是屋顶--不仅仅是作为包厢的遮挡，而是一面带有穿孔的水平墙，露出树梢和开阔的天空。通过巧妙地引导视线向内、向外、向内延伸，KAAN Architecten保持了国家战争公墓中已经蕴含的脆弱的光环和宁静。

The serene atmosphere and lack of intrusiveness have been achieved by sensitive architectural gestures, proposing an intimate yet open and inviting building; obscured by tree trunks yet in clear view. Strategically placed, natural stone-clad walls stretching from floor to ceiling accentuate the alternation between open and closed. Some walls have benches protruding in the same natural stone as the wall and facing the forest to offer visitors places to rest and contemplate. Atop the walls lies the roof - not merely as a cover for a box, but a horizontal wall with perforations that expose the treetops and open skies. By masterfully directing the sightlines inward, outward, and through, KAAN Architecten maintained the fragile aura of light and tranquillity already imbued in the National War Cemetery.

馆内空间的一切都与纪念和缅怀有关。馆内避免了走廊，所以馆内可以保持狭窄的空间，各功能之间可以逻辑地相互流动。有一个礼堂专门用于附近的国家退伍军人公墓的集会和殡葬服务，打开后是一个多功能厅，既是展览和信息空间，最后是吊唁区。对于活动和大型仪式，礼堂和展览空间可以合并成一个大厅，没有障碍物。

Everything within the space of the pavilion is related to remembrance and commemoration. Corridors were avoided so the pavilion could remain narrow and functions flow logically into one another. There is an auditorium dedicated to assemblies and funeral services for the nearby National Veterans Cemetery, opening up to a multi-purpose room serving both as exhibition and information space and finally a condolences area. For events and large-scale ceremonies, the auditorium and exhibition space can be merged into a single hall, free of obstacles.

各个空间都有自己的特色和看点。慰问区可以看到两个相对的面，分别朝向林间：一个是老兵安葬区，一个是战争公墓。同时，礼堂眺望的视线终点是战争公墓中间的十字架。目光透过一扇大窗户，感觉就像展馆的一个大开口，而不是标准的窗户。高高的天花板和大跨度的屋顶保证了灵活性，有助于形成开放的空间感。

The various spaces each have their own identity and lookouts. The condolences area offers views of two opposite sides, each oriented towards a forest room: one for veteran burials and one for the War Cemetery. Meanwhile, the auditorium looks out over the sightline ending at the cross in the middle of the War Cemetery. The eye is guided through a big window that feels like a large opening in the pavilion rather than a standard window. High ceilings and large roof spans ensure flexibility and contribute to an open sense of space.

该展馆的公共性质，可容纳200人，需要一个最佳平衡的室内气候。为实现热舒适性，必要的通风和地板加热系统已经实现，避免了任何可见的装置。在设计工作开始之前，通过组建一个互补学科的设计团队，实现了高度的可持续性和最小的环境影响。

The public nature of the pavilion, with an assembly capacity of up to 200 people, required an optimally balanced indoor climate. Necessary ventilation and floor heating systems to achieve thermal comfort have been realized avoiding any visible installations. By assembling a design team of complementary disciplines, even before the design work began, a high degree of sustainability and a minimal environmental impact was achieved.

由于采用了非常规的开放式空间配置，丰富的自然光和优雅的材料选择，亭子的内部传达了一种平静的自然氛围，与任何宗教内涵都保持着温和的联系。杰出而微妙的卢恩馆在建筑上丰富了国家战争公墓，提供了一个重新焕发活力的荣誉和慰藉之地，同时让森林成为引导。

Gently detached of any religious connotations, the pavilion conveys a calming natural atmosphere to its interiors, thanks to the unconventional open spatial configuration, the abundant natural light and the elegant choice of materials. The distinguished yet subtle Loenen Pavilion architecturally enriches the National War Cemetery, providing a reinvigorated place of honour and consolation, while allowing the forest to be the guide.

KAAN Architecten目前正在进行大量不同类型的项目，特别是将于2021年初向公众开放的阿姆斯特丹新法院，以及将于2022年完工的位于Margraten的荷美公墓新游客中心.

KAAN Architecten is currently working a broad number of projects of different typologies, notably the new Amsterdam Courthouse, which will open to the public in early 2021, and the new Visitor Center at the Netherlands American Cemetery in Margraten, to be completed in 2022.