波兰·Pole Mokotowskie 公园的现代化改造

莫科托夫斯基公园是华沙最大且无可否认最受欢迎的公园之一。公园本身也是一种独特的社会现象，因为它的空间同样受到设计师的活动和基层社会过程的影响。这个地点已被广泛接受为城市居民非正式活动的场所。因此，它是根深蒂固的实践、习惯和记忆的载体。面对如此敏感的生态系统，WXCA 建筑师提出了一种可以称为“设计针灸”的方法。

Pole Mokotowskie is one of the largest and undeniably the most popular park in Warsaw. The park itself is also a unique social phenomenon as its space has been shaped equally by the activities of its designers and a grassroots social process. This location has become widely accepted as the setting for the informal activities of the city’s residents. Thus, it is a carrier of deep-rooted practices, habits, and memories. Faced with such a sensitive ecosystem, WXCA architects proposed an approach that could be termed ‘design acupuncture’.

空间针灸 Spatial Acupuncture

当法国社会学家米歇尔·德·塞托 (Michele de Certeau) 撰写他现在著名的著作，在日常社会实践的背景下区分策略与策略时，这位思想家认为城市空间不受阻碍的使用实践最生动的例子之一就是道路。横穿道路、绕行道路和捷径……换句话说,我们每天都走自己的道路。

When French sociologist Michele de Certeau wrote his now-famous work on distinguishing tactics from strategies in the context of everyday social practices, one of the most vivid examples of unencumbered user practices of urban space for the thinker were pathways. Pathways that cut across, pathways going around, and shortcuts... In other words - our own paths that we follow daily.

WXCA 建筑师认为公共空间本质上是一个过程，而不是单一事件，因此他们采用了一种时间延伸、深思熟虑的空间“针灸”作为设计策略。在这种情况下，针灸被理解为一种进化而非革命性的方法，一种对现有空间的敏感刺激，具有其自身的生物和社会过程节奏。

Believing that public space is inherently a process, not a single event, the WXCA architects adopted a time-spread, thoughtful 'acupuncture' of space as their design strategy. In this case, acupuncture is understood as an evolutionary, not revolutionary approach, a sensitive stimulation of the existing space with its own rhythm of biological and social processes.

人与自然的协同作用Synergy between People and Nature

波兰莫克托斯基公园位于华沙市中心，是华沙最大的公园之一。然而，这里发生的变化不仅是量变，更主要是质变。这座公园建于 20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代，多年来一直没有进行现代化改造。近几个月来，占地 70 多公顷的波兰莫克托斯基公园进行了现代化改造，变得更加绿意盎然。

Pole Mokotowskie Park is located in the central part of Warsaw and is one of the largest parks in the city. However, the change that has occurred in this place is not only quantitative but primarily qualitative. Designed in the 1970s and 80s, the park had not been modernized for years. In recent months, the over 70-hectare area of Pole Mokotowskie has undergone modernization, making it even greener.

对于 WXCA 建筑师来说，设计的出发点是将公园视为人类与自然共存的场所，不仅是人类，动物和植物也经常使用和光顾的地方。最大的改变和最复杂的技术挑战是水库的自然化，这是公园最大的吸引力和受欢迎的休闲场所。现有的水库结构建于 20 世纪 70 年代，内衬混凝土，每年都需要重新注水。

For the WXCA architects, the starting point was a reflection on the park as a place of coexistence between human beings and nature, a place used and frequented not only by people but also by animals and plants. The biggest change and the most complex technological challenge was the naturalization of the water reservoir, which is the park's biggest attraction and a popular recreation spot. The existing reservoir structure, built in the 1970s and lined with concrete, had to be refilled with water annually.

建筑师设计了一个新的自然水系统，该系统将通过支持自然清洁过程的技术进行额外清洁，对生态系统的稳定性产生积极影响。由溢洪道、溪流和主池塘组成的封闭系统将确保水不断流动。

The architects designed a new naturalized water system that will be additionally cleaned through technologies supporting natural cleaning processes, positively impacting the preservation of the stability of the ecosystem. A closed system consisting of a spillway, a stream, and the main pond will ensure that the water is in constant motion.

现代化改造还包括自然水系统周围的区域。现有道路网络得到进一步发展，其表面被透水材料取代。主水库上方设计了新的城市设施，形式为木制甲板，露台布局，辅以木桥和小型建筑，用于各种形式的休息和休闲，包括座位区、躺椅平台和野餐桌。水库北部设计为休闲区，座椅安装在三个不同的高度，形成面向湖泊的观众区。水库南部指定了一个单独的再生区——更自然、更野生，为动植物保留。

The modernization also included the area around the naturalized water system. The network of existing paths was developed further and their surface was replaced with permeable material. New urban furniture was designed over the main reservoir in the form of a wooden deck with a terrace layout complemented by wooden bridges and small architecture for various forms of rest and leisure, including seating areas, lounger platforms, and picnic tables. In the northern part of the reservoir, designed as a recreation zone, seats were installed at three different heights, forming an audience area facing the lake. A separate regeneration zone – more natural and wild and reserved for plants and animals – was designated in the southern part of the reservoir.

除了对现有水库、相连的溪流和泄洪道进行现代化改造外，该项目的第一阶段还包括在指定区域建造池塘（供狗使用），并在生物群落花园中建造自然密封的池塘。

In addition to the modernization of the existing reservoir, connected stream, and spillway, the first phase of the project included the creation of ponds in designated zones – for dogs, and naturally sealed ponds in the biocenotic garden.

生物群落花园位于公园中央，建在原市政清洁公司基地的填海土地上。形成的土丘和洼地作为雨水花园，还建造了一个蜿蜒在绿地和凉亭之间的木制平台。

The biocenotic garden was created in the central part of the park on land reclaimed from a former municipal cleaning company base. The formed mounds and depressions serve as rain gardens, and a wooden platform meandering among the greenery and gazebos was also constructed.

整个公园的生物群落景观设计采用植物群落的排列形式，具有多样化的特征：树木繁茂的角落、花草甸、果园、芦苇床和对昆虫有益的感官床。植物种类的选择基于本地物种的组合——根据具有自然和半自然特征的植物群落类型排列各种生物群落，包括种植树木、灌木和低矮植被。

The designed biocenotic landscape of the entire park took the form of an arrangement of plant communities with a diverse profile: wooded nooks, flower meadows, orchards, reed beds, and sensory beds beneficial for insects. The selection of plant species was based on a combination of native species – arrangements of varied biotopes based on types of plant communities of a natural and semi-natural character, including plantings of trees, shrubs, and low vegetation.

“我们注意到，公园的空间结构具有网络特征，包括水系统、人行道和社会功能网络。我们的目标是支持这些现有的连接并保护它们——有时故意不进行任何干预，例如在野生自然区，我们的行动仅限于在各个区域之间为动物建立功能连接。我们处理的地方实际上是一个活的有机体，”建筑师Łukasz Szczepanowicz 解释道。

‘We noticed that the park's spatial structure has a network character comprising a water system, pedestrian paths, and social-functional networks. Our goal was to support these existing connections and safeguard them – sometimes by intentionally refraining from any intervention, as in the case of areas for wild nature, where our action was limited to establishing functional connections for animals between individual areas. The place we dealt with is, in fact, a living organism,’ explains architect Łukasz Szczepanowicz.

Project information:

Name: Modernisation of Pole Mokotowskie Park

Location: Warsaw, Poland

Design competition: 2018

Modernization works: 2021-2023

Project area: 66,500 sqm (66,5 ha)

Client: City of Warsaw

Architect: WXCA

Project authors: Paweł Grodzicki, Szczepan Wroński, Marta Sękulska-Wrońska, Łukasz Szczepanowicz, Małgorzata Gilarska, Krzysztof Moskała, Paweł Wolanin, Magdalena Julianna Nowak, Agnieszka Radziszewska, Michał Poziemski, Anna Szymańska, Monika Lemańska