Roques Blanques公墓的景观干预

Roques Blanques大都会公墓位于巴塞罗那El Papiol的Collserola自然公园内，建成距今已经30多年。自1981年的初步设计构想以来，公墓将会是一个122公顷的大花园，分不同阶段开发，目前共有7个墓葬群建成。此后为适应人们需求的变化，公墓不断尝试开发新的丧葬模式，旨在增强生者对已故亲人的纪念和家庭联系。此外，对环境和自然的敬畏使团队提出了一项突破性的建议，即100%可生物降解的新生态墓葬形式。

The Roques Blanques Metropolitan Cemetery, within the realm of Collserola’s Natural Park at El Papiol, Barcelona, has been developed over 30 years. Since its conception in 1981, the graveyard was conceived as a 122 Ha garden to be developed in different phases, reaching a current day total of 7 built clusters. The site has since been able to adapt to changes in customer demands, proposing new burial paradigms and aiming to facilitate remembrance and family relationships with their deceased loved ones. Furthermore, mutual respect for the environment and nature has allowed us to propose a ground-breaking proposal for new ecological burial forms that is 100% biodegradable. 

改造基于对环境的尊重和保护，主要针对开发面积为8600平方米的六号墓葬群进行改造，将容纳1500座新坟墓，并种植了大量的墓园树种：松树和圣橡树。

This intervention, based on respect for and conservation of the environment, involves the development of cluster number 6, with a surface of 8,600 m². With its very pronounced orography of exemplary pines and holm oaks, it is ready to host 1,500 new graves.

设计面临的挑战包括为葬礼仪式的创造一个无障碍空间，以保护场地的环境价值，并有助于恢复自然公园的生物多样性特征。重建后的墓群设有一条通往森林的路径、绿色露台、一片反映Collserola农业历史的草地，以及一个作为生态保护系统存在的蝴蝶花园，旨在尽量减少对现有地形的影响。

The challenge consisted of creating an accessible space for the practice of funeral rites that would preserve the environmental values of the site and contribute to the recovery of biodiversity characteristic of the Natural Park. The new cluster becomes an entry path to the forest, complemented by a green terrace, a meadow reflecting Collserola’s agricultural past, and a butterfly garden as a retaining system to minimize the impact on the existing topography.

与自然共生Building with nature

为解决上述问题，项目创造了一种基于Krainer墙技术的垂直花园模式，这是一种基于生物工程背景，应用于景观的创新系统。作为一个生态保护系统，垂直花园形成了一个大型的绿色露台，为吊唁者提供了一处舒适的入口空间。花园整合了现有的树木，并增加新的当地树种。垂直花园的设计使其能够使用周围环境中的天然材料建造，并且过程十分迅速。

Thus, a vertical garden based on Krainer wall technology was proposed, which is an innovative system based on bioengineering applied to the landscape. As a natural retaining system, it generates a large green terrace, including a suitable and accessible space for new graves, allowing for the integration of existing trees and adding new local species. It is designed to be built quickly with natural materials from the immediate surroundings.

▽垂直花园

▽细节

该技术运用了死去的植物和活体植物作为材料，被称为“生态网络”。它会随着时间的推移而进化，将“死”元素（树干）与根部的降解以及“活”元素（灌木和灌木丛）的生长联系起来，唤起生命周期的自然动态，同时表达了墓地的内涵：人们与祖先之间的联系，同样是孕育、生命的周而复始，随着时间的推移，此地则成为生与死的交汇点。

The technology combines dead and living materials, often called ‘live mesh’. It evolves over time, relating the degradation of dead elements (trunks) with the roots and the growth of living elements (shrubs and bushes). A natural dynamic evoking the life cycle: a concept intrinsic to the idiosyncrasy of a cemetery as a meeting point between people and their ancestors over time.

▽死去的树干与活体植物构成了“生态网络”

Krainer墙的长度为304.5米，高度为1.5米，基础宽度为2米，另附有1米宽的路径。它位于花园露台的内坡上，创造出一大片绿色草地和观景点。

The Krainer wall has a length of 304,5 ml, a height of 1,5 m, and a base width of 2 m + 1 m of path. It is located on the inner slope of the garden terrace, releasing a large green meadow and viewpoint.

为自然而生Building for nature

Krainer墙为“蝴蝶花园”创造了合适的场地，蝴蝶花园作为一个新的墓葬空间，容纳了不同种类的蔬菜，打造出芳香的环境，并为包括蝴蝶在内的各种授粉昆虫提供生活空间。墙体的设计考虑了方向和保护元素（包括风），转变为一处受到保护的，但具有充足光照的空间，确保这里能够全年开花，同时庇护周围的动物群。为了吸引蝴蝶，选用了具有出色开花品质、鲜艳的花种。灌木和草本植物则选择了适应当地条件的本地植物，并参考了典型的地中海灌木丛。“蝴蝶园”增强了生物多样性，重振了Collserola自然公园的空间，打造了一个观察，识别和检查自然环境中昆虫和植物的学习资源。

The Krainer wall is the most appropriate place for the ‘Butterfly garden’, a new burial space hosting different species of vegetable that contribute to an aromatic environment, and serving as a living space for a wide variety of pollinators, including butterflies. The wall has been designed with considerations of the importance of orientation and protection from the elements, including wind. The wall converts it into a protected and intensely sunlit space, ensuring long and generous flower blooms all year long, while sheltering the surrounding fauna. To foster the presence of butterflies, shrubs and herbaceous species with outstanding blooming qualities and bright, contrasted flowering have been selected. Native plants, adapted to local conditions, have been selected, giving reference to a typical Mediterranean thicket. The ‘butterfly garden’ enhances biodiversity, revitalizing the spaces of Collserola Natural Park, a learning resource in which to observe, identify, and examine our environment’s insects and plants.

基于自然的设计方案Nature-based solution

设计遵循“从摇篮到摇篮”的原则，有利于循环经济：零碳足迹干预，不产生残留物。此外，该项目还使现有的森林再生，并重新激活了自然公园的生态。这种景观干预具有非常具体的用途，并且在有限的时间内是有益的——预计它具有大约30年的短暂寿命，之后这里将恢复到森林的原始状态。这段时间迎合了哀悼和纪念的目的。建造过程采用干燥的施工方式，并且仅使用天然和当地材料，没有造成水资源的浪费。

The design follows the ‘Cradle to Cradle’ principles, favoring a circular economy: a zero carbon footprint intervention, generating no residue. Additionally, the project regenerates the existing forest and reactivates life in the natural park. This intervention has a very specific use, and is good for a limited period of time – it is expected to have a useful ephemeral life of approximately 30 years, after which it will return to the original state of the forest. This period of time suits the purposes of mourning and remembrance, while being built with dry construction, no water consumption, and using natural and local materials exclusively.

Technical sheet

Authors: Batlleiroig Arquitectura. Enric Batlle Durany, Joan Roig i Duran, Iván Sánchez Fabra – Architects

Team: Livia Valentini, Carmen Guerrero – Architect and landscape architect / Elisabeth Torregrosa Avilés, Laura Luque Pan – Building engineer / Dolors Feu – Agricultural engineer and landscape architect / Marta Sanz Cuso – Architect

Collaborators: Naturalea – Consultant in bioengineering and landscape rehabilitation techniques, Cave Terram – Environmental consultancy, WorldNature – Consultant in nature conservation and environmental awareness

Promoter: GIC – Áltima

Location: El Papiol, Barcelona

Construction company: Naturalea, Excavacions Petit, Santin Jardineria i Paisatge

Start and finish dates: 2017 — 2020

Total area: 8.909 m2

Awards: WAF Landscape of the Year 2021, Premis Catalunya Construcció 2018