2019 ASLA学生组规划分析杰出奖：洛杉矶未来公共交通系统

“这项计划全面而精美，充分利用了2028年奥运会的变革潜力，以解决洛杉矶交通和负担得起的住房方面普遍存在的不平等现象。该提案巧妙地将边缘化社区在各种规模上获得公共交通的需求联系在一起，对负担得起的住房的需求以及将街道景观作为公共设施的价值，通过对洛杉矶复杂的政治和社会环境中决策本质的深刻理解，这项经过深思熟虑，分层和战略性发展的计划变得更加强大”。

-2019ASLA评审团

项目声明

尽管过去二十年来在洛杉矶进行了史无前例的公共交通投资和以公交为导向的发展，但公交乘车率仍然很低。与美国其他城市相比，洛杉矶的绝大部分过境乘客来自极低收入和极低收入家庭。然而，LA Metro的公交计划未能充分满足他们的需求。车站周围的TOD密度通常会产生豪华公寓，其居民可避免公共交通。为了扭转人口与发展之间的人口不匹配现象，该项目研究了公交车服务，新公共住房供应以及洛杉矶世博会线佛蒙特车站周围街道设计之间的更好协调。

Despite unprecedented public transit investment and transit-oriented development over the last two decades in Los Angeles, transit ridership remains low. More than in any other US city, the vast majority of transit riders in LA come from very-low and extremely low-income households. Yet LA Metro's transit plans have failed to adequately cater to their needs. TOD densities around stations often produce luxury condos, whose inhabitants avoid public transit. In an attempt to reverse this demographic mismatch between transit and development, this project investigates a better coordination between bus service, new public housing provision, and street design around the Vermont Station on LA's Expo Line. The project sees the 2028 LA Olympics as a major opportunity to demonstrate such coordinated planning by delivering a new-generation bus system for the city, converting Olympic housing to public housing, and delivering amenity-rich streets that not only cater to the Games, but also deliver a much needed legacy of amenities to the surrounding marginalized communities.

背景与挑战

洛杉矶市是一个拥有四百万人口的多种族之乡。这座城市以好莱坞及其与汽车而闻名，以其当前的住房危机，无家可归问题和过境的不平等现象而闻名。根据LA DOT的数据，使用一辆私家车在一个小时内可以比公共交通多完成29倍的工作。然而，洛杉矶曾经是世界上交通最发达的城市，建筑评论家克里斯托弗·霍桑（Christopher Hawthorne）将混合用途多户住房的洛杉矶称为“第一代洛杉矶”。“第二代洛杉矶”大约在第二次世界大战后开始，一直持续到1990年代初，这得益于大量采用私家车，公共补贴的高速公路和独立家庭住房。现在，大都市正在重塑自己，向着“第三洛杉矶”的方向发展，它正在对公共交通，更高的密度和高质量的公共场所进行空前的投资。2016年，安吉利诺斯（Angelinos）批准了Measure M措施，这是一项营业税措施，将在未来四年内为新的运输改善项目注入1200亿美元。

CONTEXT AND CHALLENGES

The City of Los Angeles is home to an ethnically diverse population of four million. Known for Hollywood and its love affair with the car, the city is equally famous for its current housing crisis, homelessness issues and stark transit inequalities. According to LA DOT, one can reach 29X more jobs in an hour using an individual car than public transit. Yet, LA was once the most transit-rich city in the World. Architecture critic Christopher Hawthorne has called the LA of mixed-use multifamily housing that emerged around streetcars and a compact, walkable downtown in the pre-war era the "First LA". The "Second LA", which began roughly after WWII and lasted until the early 1990s, was fueled by a massive adoption of private automobiles, publicly subsidized freeways and detached single-family housing. Now the metropolis is reinventing itself, morphing towards a "Third LA" that is making unprecedented investments into public transit, higher densities and quality public spaces again. In 2016, Angelinos approved Measure M, a sales tax measure that will funnel $120 billion to new transit improvements during the next four decades.

尽管对该市的新铁路线进行了大量投资，但洛杉矶的绝大多数公共交通使用者还是来自低收入家庭，而地铁未能充分解决这些问题。公共交通的乘车人数正在下降，部分原因是从公共汽车上撤资，以及车站周围新的TOD区内高密度豪华公寓的泛滥，付不起昂贵的房租，迫使他们转向更便宜，依赖汽车的郊区。

Despite major investments into new rail lines in the city, the vast majority of transit riders in LA come from low and very-income households, which Metro's transit plans have failed to adequately address. Transit ridership is declining in part due to divestment from buses and proliferation of high-density luxury condos in newly allowed TOD zones around stations. Gentrification has priced out many previous riders, forcing them to move to cheaper, car-dependent suburbs.

即使制定了减免房租的计划，推出了面向大众的发展为目标的政策，所需的可负担住房规定仍然非常低（5-10％或为零）。经济适用的房子也将随着时间慢慢减少，这加剧了该市的住房危机，并降低了地铁的公共交通乘车率。当前的住房和交通运输不匹配，进一步使处于不利地位的贫困社区更加边缘化，进而阻碍了人们获得教育，就业和便利的机会。

Even with policies that encourage affordable Transit-oriented Developments, required affordable housing provisions remain very low (5-10% or lacking all together). Voucher-based affordable housing also expires over time, worsening the city's housing crisis and lowering Metro's transit ridership. The present housing and transit mismatch has further marginalized historically disadvantaged communities, obstructing access to education, employment, and amenities

我们的项目认为，公共交通、车站周围真正可负担的住房以及在面向汽车的街道上令人不愉快的行人体验之间的低效率是问题的关键，这些因素阻碍了当前公共交通的乘车收益，并阻碍了城市向城市交通的过渡

Our project argues that inefficient coordination between transit service, truly affordable housing around stations, and the unpleasant pedestrian experience on car-oriented streets jointly constitute some of the key factors that are hindering ridership returns on current transit investments and holding back the city's transition towards a more transit-friendly future.

机会与建议

在1984年洛杉矶奥运会上，该市通过一项非凡的区域合作，从周边城市借用了500多辆公共汽车，以建立一个临时的班车和快速公交系统，这些系统可为奥运会提供服务，避免了大量的使用私家车。该系统在奥运会期间取得了巨大的成功，而且在奥运会之后没有留下任何报废的车辆。

OPPORTUNITY AND PROPOSAL

During the 1984 Olympics in LA, the city borrowed over 500 buses through an extraordinary regional cooperation effort to create a temporary system of shuttles and express buses that could service the Games without requiring visitors to use private cars. The system was a huge success during the Games but left no transit legacy behind after the Games.

在2028年奥运会期间，这座城市将如何崛起并发展急需的公共交通？在我们的项目中，奥运会是为城市提供下一代公交系统的巨大机会，它将为奥运会以及奥运会后的日常用户提供服务。大型活动也是展示如何协调住房、交通和街道设计的机会，以便将尽可能得削减交通成本，得以投资到街道改造上，以使城市内的公共交通系统不仅可以承受大规模的车流，而且还可以步行，骑自行车和踩踏板车。

How could the city rise to the occasion and deliver a much-needed transit legacy during the 2028 Olympics? Our project sees the Olympics as a huge opportunity to deliver a next-generation bus system for the city, which will work both for the Olympics as well as the everyday user after the Games. The mega event is also an opportunity to demonstrate how (1) housing, (2) transit and (3) street design could be coordinated, so as to place likely transit riders close to bus lines, and invest into streets so as to make neighborhood-scale trips not only conceivable, but desirable on foot, bike and scooter.

该项目将Expo / Vermont站的区域用作实验点，以说明如何将项目运用至实际当中。该地区毗邻南加州大学校园和博览园，博览园将成为2028年奥运会的中心地带，该地区还被大量的单户住宅所包围，其中大部分是低收入的拉丁裔和黑人家庭。

The project uses the area of the Expo/Vermont station as an experimental site to illustrate how such coordination could work. Located next to the USC campus and Exposition Park, which will serve as the epicenter of 2028 Olympic Games, the area is also surrounded by a large amount of single-family homes, which largely house lower-income Latino and Black households.

毗邻公交车站，新建了奥运住房，之后将其转换为公共住房（由该市住房管理局管理），这将直接解决当前TOD人口与非本地人口之间的不匹配问题。以人为本的景观街道设计旨在进一步激励奥运游客以及该地区的居民选择沿着设施丰富，安全且舒适的人行道步行到公交车站。因此，该项目对现有的“最低消费”奥运会模式提出了质疑，该模式依赖于USC等私人机构并从中受益。我们的计划探索了这座城市如何利用奥运会来证明其过境努力的成功，同时又为奥运会以外的周边社区带来了具体的，可观的收益。

Adjacent to transit stops, newly built Olympic housing is built and later converted into public housing (managed by the city's Housing Authority), which will directly address the current mismatch between TOD demographics and transit ridership. Human-centric and generously landscaped street design aims to further incentives both Olympic visitors as well as the area's residents to choose to walk to transit stations along amenity-rich, safe and comfortable sidewalks. The project thus offers a critique towards the current model of "minimum spend" Olympics that relies on and benefits private institutions like USC. Our scheme explores how the city could instead use the Games to demonstrate the success of its transit efforts, while delivering concrete and felt benefits to the surrounding communities well beyond the Olympics.

具体而言，项目建议：

SPECIFICALLY, THE PROJECT PROPOSES:

第一，一个世界级汽车运输系统是强大到足以满足大多数奥运出行需求，同时留下一个长期的资源：

• 扩展运输骨干网：地铁和快车是城市交通系统的骨干。繁忙的公交路线可以升级为具有交通信号优先级的快速线路。

• 提供灵活的班车服务以填补空白：过境需求可能会在各个社区之间蔓延。固定的公交路线可以通过在灵活路线上运行的按需微型公交AV进行补充。

• 提供非机动的最后一英里解决方案：微型交通枢纽使用统一的地铁票证为首次/最后一英里的乘车提供额外的共享自行车和踏板车选项。

• 禁止单人车辆：通过拥堵收费和城市街道上HOV车道的高占用激励措施，不鼓励使用私家车。

A World-Class Bus Transportation System that is robust enough to serve most Olympic travel needs, while leaving behind a long term legacy by:

• Expanding the Transit Backbone: Metro and express bus serves as the backbone of the city's transportation system. Busy bus routes can be upgraded into rapid lines with traffic signal priority.
  

• Offering flexible shuttle services to fill in the gaps: Transit demand might spread across neighborhoods. Fixed transit routes can be complemented by on-demand micro-transit AVs that run on flexible routes.

• Delivering non-motorized last-mile solutions: Micro-transit hubs provide additional shared bike and scooters options for first/last mile rides using unified metro tickets.

• Discouraging single occupancy vehicles: The use of private automobile is discouraged through congestion pricing and high occupancy incentives on HOV lanes on city streets.

第二，通过以下方式解决洛杉矶负担能力危机和过境乘车不匹配问题的优质公共住房：

• 将奥林匹克住房转变为传统的公共住房：我们建议在主要过境走廊旁建造新的住房，以容纳活动期间的游客以及活动后的社区，以资助公共住房。

• 改善公共住房的形象：将高标准的奥运村改造成未来的公共住房，重新定义了洛杉矶公共住房的形象和声誉。

• 相匹配的过境乘车人：公共住房不仅解决了城市的住房危机，而且还通过匹配居住人口统计数据和过境乘车人档案，产生了对公共交通的需求。

• 鼓励停车位的转换：由于升级的公共交通和共享的自动驾驶汽车将导致停车需求的下降，该项目设想了如何将公交走廊周围的宝贵土地重新用于公共用途。

Quality Public Housing that addresses LA's affordability crisis and transit ridership mismatch by:

• Converting Olympic housing to legacy public housing: Located next to major transit corridors, we propose to build new housing to accommodate visitors during the event, and communities after the event in subsidized public housing.

• Improving the image of public housing: Turning a high standard Olympic Village into future public housing redefines the image and reputation of public housing in LA.

• Matching Transit Ridership: Public housing not only addresses the housing crisis in the city, it also creates demand for public transit through matching residential demographics and transit rider profiles.

• Encouraging conversion of parking lots: With the upcoming decline of parking needs due to upgraded public transit and shared Autonomous Vehicles, the project imagines how valuable land around transit corridors could be repurposed for public use.

第三，通过以下方式重新设计行人的公共通行权的街道设计：

• 将街道视为公共空间：可以将街道临时或永久关闭为活动空间。USC校园附近的小巷可以在奥运会期间作为食品市场关闭，此后仍可继续。公车和火车站可以充当社区枢纽，并安装诸如自助服务亭，商店，家具等设施，从而提供更有用和体面的等候体验。通过用植被和生态溪代替USC校园的围墙，人行道变成了线性公园。
  

• 改善对行人重要的条件：受保护的街道交叉口和人行道为行人提供了安全的环境。除了取消路边停车以阻止私人车辆外，美化车站和增强信号优先权还提高了街道效率和用户体验。多人驾驶车辆的专用车道以及精心设计的接送站会优先考虑共享乘车。沿人行道产生活动的底层用途吸引人们步行到当地目的地。

Street Design that re-envision the public right-of-way for pedestrians by:

• Treating streets as public spaces: Streets can be closed temporarily or permanently as event spaces. Lanes adjacent to the USC campus can be closed as food markets during Olympics and continued thereafter. Bus and rail stations could work as community hubs with installations such as kiosks, stores, furniture, etc. provide a more useful and dignified waiting experience. By replacing the fence of the USC campus with vegetation and an eco-creek, the sidewalk is turned into a linear park.

• Improving conditions that matter to pedestrians: Protected street crossings and sidewalks provide a safe environment for the pedestrian. Along with the removal of street parking to discourage private vehicles, station beautification and enhanced signal priority improve street efficiency and user experience. Exclusive lanes for multi-passenger vehicles along with carefully designed pickup- and drop-off stations prioritize shared rides. Activity-generating ground floor uses along sidewalks attract people to walk to local destinations.

该项目还提出了一种新的公私合营发展模式，使LA Metro能够充当主要开发商，从而从新地铁站周围土地价格上涨中获得价值。这些收入可用于支付服务升级费用，以及补贴车站周围新的公共住房开发。地铁应与洛杉矶房屋委员会合作，以管理和维护车站周围的新公共房屋开发。

The project also proposes a new public-private development model that enables LA Metro to act as a master-developer who will capture value from the increased land prices around new metro stations. These revenues could be used to cover service upgrades as well as to subsidize new public housing developments around stations. Metro should cooperate with the LA Housing Authority to manage and upkeep the new public housing developments around stations.

该项目的核心要求是一种协调的规划和设计方法，将运输，住房和街道设计结合在一起，这应该构成“第三洛杉矶”的基本组成部分。

At its core, the project calls for a coordinated planning and design approach that integrates transportation, housing, and street design, which should form an essential building blocks that a "Third LA" can emerge from.

荣誉：2019 ASLA学生组分析规划杰出奖

项目地点：洛杉矶 美国

项目成员：钱鑫 + Amanda Ton + WeiHsiang Chao

指导教师：Andres Sevtsuk

Los Angeles, CA, USA
Amanda Ton, Associate ASLA; WeiHsiang Chao; Xin Qian
Faculty Advisor: Andres Sevtsuk